Definitions

New Paragraph - You can indicate a new paragraph by indentions, size, typeface, color, symbols, and more.

things to look out for when hyphenating text - Some things to look out for when hyphenating text are awkward breaks and hyphenating proper nouns. You want to have at least two letters in your hyphenation and sometimes three.

font hinting- Font hinting is the use of instructions to adjust the display of an outline font so that it lines up with a rasterized grid. At small screen sizes, hinting is critical for producing clear, legible text for human readers.

letterspacing/tracking - Tracking is the adjustment of space for groups of letters and entire blocks of text. It changes the overall appearance and readability of the text, making it more open and airy or more dense. You can track in Illustrator by selecting the range of characters or the type object that you want to adjust and setting the tracking option in the character panel. In InDesign, you can also change the track by selecting the range of characters and in the character panel or control panel, type or select a numeric value for tracking.

Kerning- Kerning is the process of adding or subtracting space between specific pairs of characters. Metrics kerning uses kern pairs, which are included with most fonts. Kern pairs contain information about the spacing of specific pairs of letters, which include: LA, To, Ta, Tu, Te, Ty, Wa, WA, and more. In both Illustrator and InDesign, kerning can be adjusted by changing the number in the character panel with the kerning option that looks like A\V.

Word spacing - Wordspacing is the size of the space between words.

DIN - European paper size that the biggest piece a huge poster size and all the other sizes go down by folding it in half basically.

baseline grid - is an imaginary grid upon which type sits. The baseline of a piece of type can be forced to 'snap' to this grid to maintain continuity across the pages of a design.

characters per line is optimal - The optimal line length for your body text is considered to be 50-60 characters per line, including spaces. Some suggest up to 75 characters. In order to avoid the drawbacks, you should stay in between 45-75 characters per line.

aesthetic text alignment - Hanging punctuation and optical alignment makes text edges look more orderly and balanced. The Misalignment is especially noticeable when the text is larger so designers often push it outside of the textbox to avoid the awkward space.

typographic river - A river typically occurs in justified text block when the separation of the words leaves gaps of white space in several lines.

Widow - is a lone word at the end of a paragraph.

Orphan - is the final one or two lines of a paragraph separated from the main paragraph to form a new column, and should be avoided at all costs.

Kurt and Nirvana

Photographers I like

Bruce Weber
(born March 29, 1946 in Greensburg, Pennsylvania) is an American fashion photographer and occasional filmmaker. He is most widely known for his ad campaigns for Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren,  Pirelli, Abercrombie & Fitch, Revlon, and Gianni Versace, as well as his work for Vogue, GQ, Vanity Fair, Elle, Life, Interview, and Rolling Stone magazines.

David Lachapelle
David LaChapelle’s photography career began in the 1980’s in New York City galleries. After attending the North Carolina School of Arts, he moved to New York where he enrolled at both the Art Students League and the School of Visual Arts. With shows at 303 Gallery, Trabia McAffee and others, his work caught the eye of his hero Andy Warhol and the editors of Interview Magazine, who offered him his first professional photography job. 

He continues to be inspired by everything from art history and street culture, to the Hawaiian jungle in where he lives, creating both a record and mirror of all facets of popular culture today. He is quite simply the only photographic artist working in the world today whose work has transcended the fashion or celebrity magazine context it was made for, and has been enshrined by the notoriously discerning contemporary art intelligentsia.

Gregory Crewdson
(born September 26, 1962) is an American photographer who is best known for elaborately staged scenes of American homes and neighborhoods.  His photographs usually take place in small town America, but are dramatic and cinematic. They feature often disturbing, surreal events. The photographs are shot using a large crew, and are elaborately staged and lighted.

Inez Van Lamsweerde et Vinoodh Matadin



Mario Sorrenti
Born in 1971 in Naples, Italy, Mario Sorrenti moved to New York City at the age of ten. Growing up in a creative family, as a teen Mario started documenting his life through photography. At the age of 21, he first gained recognition for his work which came to the attention of several leading creative directors and led to Calvin Klein commissioning him to work on their advertising campaign. Based in New York City Mario currently contributes to several well-known magazines including French and Italian Vogue, V Magazine, W, Vanity Fair, Harper’s Bazaar, Another Magazine, Arena Homme Plus and L’Uomo Vogue and has shot advertising campaigns besides Calvin Klein for clients such as Missoni, Dolce & Gabbana, Giorgio Armani, Hermes, Longchamp, Jil Sander, Yves Saint Laurent, Shiseido, Prada and Lacome. In addition to that, Mario has directed several commercials for Calvin Klein, Davidoff, Lacome and Benetton and published numerous books. His work has appeared in several solo and group exhibitions over the years, most recently a group exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery ‘Face of Fashion’ in London 2007

Robert and Shana ParkeHarrison
(born 1968) is a photographer, best known for his work (with wife Shana ParkeHarrison) in the area of fine art photography. The photographs of Robert and Shana ParkeHarrison have been displayed in 18 solo exhibitions and over 30 group shows worldwide. Their work can also be found in over 20 collections, including the National Museum of American Art at the Smithsonian Institution and the George Eastman House. Their book, The Architect’s Brother was named as one of 'the Ten Best Photography Books of the Year' of 2000 by the New York Times.

My photographs tell stories of loss, human struggle, and personal exploration within landscapes scarred by technology and over-use…. [I] strive to metaphorically and poetically link laborious actions, idiosyncratic rituals and strangely crude machines into tales about our modern experience.

--Robert ParkeHarrison

Sophie Calle
(born 1953) is a French writer, photographer, installation artist, and conceptual artist. Calle's work is distinguished by its use of arbitrary sets of constraints, and evokes the French literary movement of the 1960s known as Oulipo. Her work frequently depicts human vulnerability, and examines identity and intimacy. She is recognized for her detective-like ability to follow strangers and investigate their private lives. Her photographic work often includes panels of text of her own writing.

Tim Walker

Tim Walker’s photographs have entranced the readers of Vogue, month by month, for over a decade. Extravagant staging and romantic motifs characterise his unmistakable style. After concentrating on photographic stills for 15 years Tim Walker is now also making moving film. On graduation in 1994 Walker worked as a freelance photography assistant in London before moving to New York City as a full time assistant to Richard Avedon. On returning to England he initially concentrated on portrait and documentary work for UK newspapers. At the age of  25 he shot his first fashion story for Vogue, and has photographed for the British, Italian, and American editions ever since.

Todd Hido



Annie Leibovitz
Photographer Annie Leibovitz was born October 2, 1949, in Westbury, Connecticut. In 1970 she took a job at Rolling Stone magazine. In 1983 she began working for the entertainment magazine Vanity Fair. During the late 1980s, Leibovitz started to work on a number of high-profile advertising campaigns. From the 1990s to the present, she has been publishing and exhibiting her work.

Irving Penn
Born June 16, 1917, Irving Penn initially intended to become a painter. But a job with Vogue magazine in the 1940s turned his focus to photography. His portraits of models and celebrities were shot against bare backdrops with natural light.

Ellen Von Unwerth

(born 1954 in Frankfurt, Germany) is a photographer and director, specializing in erotic femininity. She worked as a fashion model for ten years herself before moving behind the camera, and now makes fashion, editorial, and advertising photographs.

Ellen von Unwerth found fame when she first photographed Claudia Schiffer. Her work has been published in top magazines likeVogue, Vanity Fair, Interview, The Face, Arena, Twill, L'Uomo Vogue and I-D, and she has published several books of photography. She won first prize at the International Festival of Fashion Photography in 1991.